Industrial waste pdf

Since these wastes cannot be decomposed easily by micro-organisms like bacteria; hence they are major pollutants of the environment. These non-biodegradable substances accumulate in the ecosystem and finally get absorbed by the plants and animals.

The chemicals absorbed are retained in our bodies. They can enter into the living organisms through respiration, intake of food or drink, or even by direct absorption through the skin. The phenomenon of deposition of pollutants in the tissue of living organisms is known as the biological concentration of the pollutants. Examples of such non-biodegradable industrial waste are plastics, ball-point pen refills, synthetic fibers, glass materials, and metallic substances like aluminum cans, iron nails, silver foil, and other radioactive wastes.

All such wastes are adversely affecting our environment as well as our ecosystem at an alarming rate. Industrial solid wastes may include trash, garbage that includes medical equipment, abandoned automobiles, construction debris, electrical equipment, and many more. They lead to long-term pollution issues in the environment. Therefore, efforts are necessary to be made for controlling pollution that arises due to the disposal of wastes by conversion of these unwanted wastes into utilizable raw materials for various uses.

The large and medium scale industries still have some arrangements to dispose of their solid waste. But, the small-scale industries have no such planning. Such industrial wastes along with domestic wastes are intermingled and disposed of here and there in local bodies. Thus proper strategy for organizing proper collection and disposal of industrial solid waste is needed by municipal bodies. Most of the wastes, whether it is industrial or domestic are decomposed into the water bodies making them unfit for consumption.

Industrial wastewater is not only produced as a by-product of oil and gas or mining and chemical manufacturing industries but also a by-product of food and beverage processing industries, chemicals, power plants, fabric, leather, automobile, and many other industries. Both organic and inorganic waste matter is disposed of by the factories which should be treated properly before discharging them into the rivers, oceans, etc.

To treat industrial wastewater and effluent wastewater across a wide range of industries, some of the techniques such as Filter presses along with filter plates and filter cloth are used. These industrial filter press technology can stop the flow of solid wastes such as plastics, metals, etc. Toxic gases released by factories to the atmosphere such as oxides of sulphur, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and many more are known as industrial waste gases.

Use of outdated technology in industries to reduce production costs. But these old techniques generate a large number of waste gases. Inefficient burning of fuel generates a large number of toxic gases. Water Pollutants can be grouped into three broad categories according to their nature: I. Organic pollutants II. Inorganic pollutants III. Biological pollutants Water pollutants can also be grouped according to source: I.

Point source II. Non-point source Water is in a continuous cycle hydrological cycle , some pollutants from surface water especially inorganic are capable of migrating from surface water to ground water Carpenter et al. Unpleasant odour, flavour and taste, result due to lack of dissolved oxygen. Untreated sewage is the biggest pollutant and a cause of pathogens in water.

Higher temperature of water also adversely affects its use as coolant in industries. Point Source Pollution Point source pollution comes directly from a known source like an industrial or sewage outfall pipe. It can also be from factories, wastewater treatment facilities, septic systems, and other sources that are clearly discharging pollutants into water sources Rehman et al. Point sources are typically associated with manufacturing processes.

However, point sources also include discharges from water treatment plants and large animal feeding operations Knight et al. Non-Point Source Pollution Non-point source pollution can be defined as pollution that comes from many miscellaneous or diffuse sources rather than from an identifiable, specific point Harrington et al. Non- point source pollution can originate from urban environments such as yards in neighbourhoods or from agricultural production areas such as crop fields Robbins et al.

Chemicals, waste products and soil that are carried by rain into streams or rivers become a part of non-point source pollution Alloway and Ayres, Common examples are fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides, spilled motor oil and wastes from pets, wildlife and livestock. Other significant sources of non-point source pollution include: 1. Litters 2. Hazardous waste improperly stored or discarded 3. Erosion from construction sites, farms or home sites 4. Pollution from roadways and road salting activities 5.

Discharge of sewage and garbage from ships and boats 6. Cleansers and other compounds used on ships in the urban or agriculture environment and boats to prevent barnacles and algae from accumulating 7. Disposal of wastes in catch basins 8. Improperly operating septic systems 9.

Acid deposition including acid rain and fog Leaking sewer lines Improper use of fertilizers and pesticides Animal feeding operations Non-point sources are more difficult to identify, because they cannot be traced back to a particular location Sigel et al.

Treatment of polluted water from non-point sources can also be very difficult. Best management measure to non-point source pollution is the Watershed Management system Ritter and Shirmohammadi, Riparian community must act as stakeholder in watershed management Bulkley, It is liquid waste discharged from a sewage system, factory, nuclear power station, or other industrial plant.

Dyes ii. Heavy metals iii. Phenols iv. Pesticides and v. A major source of pollution in developing countries is industrial activities and this has gradually increased the problem of waste disposal.

Increased industrial activities have led to pollution stress on surface water both from industrial, agricultural and domestic sources. Untreated wastes from processing factories located in cities are discharged into inland water bodies resulting to stench, discoloration and a greasy oily nature of such water bodies Akpomie et al. Industrial activities and urbanization in developing countries including Nigeria has gradually led to increased problem of waste disposal.

Increase in crude oil exploration, refining and activities of other industrial establishments in the Niger Delta has resulted in the wide-scale contamination of most of its creeks, swamps and rivers with hydrocarbon and dispersant products Olajumoke, The major industrial categories in Nigeria are metals and mining, food, beverages and tobacco; breweries, distilleries, textile, leather products, wood processing and manufacture, furniture, pulp and paper industries and chemical and allied industries Eluozo, Meanwhile, the impact of industrial effluent has on the environment is not limited to water bodies alone, rather cut across all portion of the environment.

The various component of the environment interact with each other, hence sooner or later, the harm done to the water bodies would soon be felt by the land and the atmosphere Sharma, According to Sharma , the impact of industrial effluent would be discussed as it affects each components of the environment namely; a Impact on the water bodies hydrosphere b Impact on the soil lithosphere c Impact on the air i. Industries that use large amounts of water for processing have the potential to pollute waterways through the discharge of their waste into streams and rivers, or by run-off and seepage of stored wastes into nearby water sources Mathubala et al.

Other disposal practices which cause water contamination include deep well injection and improper disposal of waste in surface impoundments. Industrial waste consists of both organic and inorganic substances. Organic wastes include pesticide residues, solvents and cleaning fluids, dissolved residue from fruits and vegetables, and lignin from pulp and paper Ipinmoroti et al. This impacts high organic pollutants on receiving waters consequently creating high competition for oxygen within the ecosystem Osibanjo and Adie, A number of toxic substances human beings encounter regularly may pose serious health risks Olajumoke, Pesticide residues on vegetable crops, mercury in fish and many industrially produced chemicals may cause cancer, birth defects genetic mutations or death.

Lead a prime environmental pollutant, is a multi-organ poison which in addition to well-known toxic effects depresses immune status, causes damage to the central nervous system, kidney and reproductive system Nwosu et al. Thermal pollution is a major impact from industrial effluent as it alters the natural temperature of the receiving water body Abel, The native aquatic organisms of the receiving water bodies would function normally under the condition they are used to.

Deviation from the normal condition could result in low in productivity, migration from the region or even mass death of the fishes and other aquatic species Langford, Jack Lundberg, P. Arvin Swanger, P. I certainly learned and. Mehdi Rahimi, P. William Valerioti, P. The course was easy to follow.

The photos mostly provided a good visual of. Michael Ryan, P. Needed 1 credit in Ethics and found it here. Gerald Notte, P. It was. I would highly recommend it. James Shurell, P. Mark Kanonik, P. I learned a lot to take back to my medical device. Ivan Harlan, P. Eugene Boyle, P. The topic was interesting and well presented,. Many thanks. Patricia Adams, P. Joseph Frissora, P. It helps to have the printed quiz during.

Jacquelyn Brooks, P. Harold Cutler, P. Thank you for having a variety of selections. PTOE certification. Joseph Gilroy, P. Richard Rhoads, P. So far all courses I took were great. Christina Nickolas, P. The process is easy, and. Dennis Meier, P. Engineers to gain PDH units. Very convenient. Paul Abella, P. Kristen Farrell, P. Easy to understand with illustrations.

Victor Ocampo, P. I enjoyed going through the course at. The aroma and texture of fermented product, i. Use of boiled soya beans in tempeh production showed better results as compared to the use of steamed or autoclaved technique. Boiled soya bean also gave a soft product as tempeh Mak Rhizopus strains are used for the production of tempeh as they have the abilities to degrade the raw material based on their composition.

Some researchers suggested that the utilization of soya bean milk waste produced a better tempeh and it also made an alternative substrate or raw material for the production of cost effective as well as nutritionally enhanced tempeh. These studies also showed that the protein content of tempeh improved significantly after using soya bean milk wastes.

Thus, soya bean milk wastes can used as a substitute of raw material for making a protein-rich human food instead of being thrown out. Various kinds of tempeh and tempeh-like products are available in Indonesia Lim Agro-industrial wastes consist of variable composition that supports the growth of microorganisms as a result of fermentation produced different valuable enzymes.

These wastes are used as a raw material. The growth rate of fungi are enhanced by use of these substrates which resulted into the conversion of lignocellulosic substrate into less complicated ones by degrading action of several enzymes. One of the important enzymes, i. Kalogeris et al. They used thermophilic fungus strain, i. Topakas et al. They also studied the enzymatic production such as cinnamoyl esterase production and xylanase production. Food industries waste like peel, seed, oil cakes, and field residues such as rice bran and wheat bran are also used for amylase and Glucoamylase production by A.

Buenrostro et al. They found highest production in corn cabs followed by sugarcane bagasse, coconut husks, and candelilla stalks. The production of lipase enzyme and their optimization was carried out by Oliveira et al. They used Aspergillus ibericus for the production of lipase.

Highest lipase production was found in palm kernel oil cake PKOC. Similarly, Saharan et al. Results showed a positive correlation between polyphenols and enzyme activities. Table 5 shows several studies that have been conducted on construction of various enzymes with the use of agro-industrial residues. A mushroom constitutes unique fruiting body and can be epigeous or hypogenous in origin.

Mushroom used either as a protein-rich food or used as a bioremediation tool. The agro-industrial lingo-cellulosic wastes and residues are used as a bio-conservation for the cultivation of edible fungi in a controlled way. The environment-related problem with agro-based residues can be solved by the production of mushroom in a controlled manner by using these wastes as a raw material.

Production of mushroom worked as a noticeable method of biotechnology for the valorization of agro-industrial waste.

Production of mushroom also showed its strength towards ecological as well as economical points by the transformation of agro-based residues using various microorganisms Chang ; Randive Mushroom production is a good example of recovery of food proteins by using biological process in a small or large scale from lignocellulosic materials Chiu and Moore Jonathan and Babalola studied 16 diverse agro-industrial wastes for cultivation of edible mushroom, i.

The species of Pleurotus is generally known as oyster mushrooms. Utilization of such agro-industrial residues for cultivation of mushroom resulted into modification to edible protein in relations of mushroom fruit bodies Lakshmi and Sornaraj Banana stalks and Bahia grass were also utilized for Pleurotus sajor - caju production Siqueira et al.

The results for production of Pleurotus by using banana stalks and bahia grass as substrate suggested that no other supplement such as wheat bran and rice bran were needed for successfully production of the mushroom.

Edible oyster mushrooms are excellent delicacies in many regions of the world Jonathan et al. Randive cultivated and studied the growth as well as nutrient composition of oyster mushroom by using various agro-based residues as a substrate. He determined the proximate composition of mushroom such as protein content, fiber content, ash content, lipid content, moisture content and carbohydrate content.

From the results, he suggested that even the same genus mushroom have different nutritional compositions as compared to each other. However, all the produced mushroom was rich in protein contents. So, in case of protein deficiency, he suggested to take oyster mushroom in diet. Oyster mushroom can also be helpful against heart disease and diabetes. In Southern America, a study was carried out for the cultivation of oyster mushroom with the use of coffee husks as a substrate Murthy and Manonmani Babu and subhasree cultivated the two Pleurotus mushroom, i.

They found increased amount of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, etc. So, they also suggested the take of edible oyster mushroom for high protein content and also suggested the use of paddy straw as a substrate for the successful production of mushroom Akinyele et al. Apart from these studies, some other useful approaches by SSF are also discussed here Fig. Mondal et al. They used cucumber and orange peels as the substrate for the production of SCP with the help of S.

They found that cucumber peel produced larger amount of protein as compared to the orange peels. So it was suggested that these fruit wastes can convert into SCP by using suitable microbes. The products obtained from the bioconversion of agro-industry wastes are economical and nutritionally contained high content of protein. Citrus fruits are consumed all over the world for different industrial purposes like fruit juice, and jams.

So these types of industries also produced a colossal amount of waste as a peel residue or in other form but these citrus wastes can be used in fermentation as they contain large amount of carbohydrates. Sukan et al. Their results showed that orange peel has a rich and unutilized agro-industrial waste.

They reported first time the production of Poly 3HB using orange peel as a single carbon source with a very simple pre-treatment method. Most of the bacterial species are found in oil contaminated sites and these bacterial species have the ability to produce useful or beneficial products for mankind. Saravanan and Vijayakumar isolate a bacterial strain i. They used the strain for the production of biosurfactant by using agro-waste such as castor oil, sunflower oil, barley bran, peanut cake, and rice bran.

They used these wastes as a rich alternative carbon source for the production of biosurfactant by using isolated P. Xanthan is a type of exopolysaccharides, produced from Xanthomonas species. Xanthan is used as food additives. So, the production of xanthan from agro-waste is a valuable approach as cost-effective product. Vidhyalakshmi et al. They produced xanthan by SSF with the help of X. The highest xanthan was produced by X.

They studied the appropriateness of various agro-industrial wastes as immobilization carrier for SSF. Before continuing the study, they characterized the agro-industrial wastes with physio-chemical treatment. Finally, Orzuaa et al. These agro-industrial wastes can be used further for economical advantage as well as environmental-friendly way for waste management.

Agro-industrial wastes or residues are rich in nutrient composition and bioactive compounds. The occurrence of such nutrients in these residues offers suitable conditions for the prolific growth of microorganisms.

The microorganisms have potential to reuse the waste as raw materials for their growth through fermentation processes. The agro-industrial wastes can be used as solid support in SSF processes for the production of a range of significant beneficial compounds.

The use of agricultural and agro-based-industry wastes as raw materials can help to reduce the production cost and contributed in recycling of waste as well to make the environment eco-friendly.

Food Control — Article Google Scholar. Malays J Microbiol — Google Scholar. Trop Sci — World J Microbiol Biotechnol — Biores Technol — Adv Biol Res — Belewu MA, Babalola FT Nutrient enrichment of some waste agricultural residues after solid state fermentation using Rhizopus oligosporus. J Appl Biosci — Beuchat LR Oncom fermented peanut presscake.

Chem Biochem Eng 22 1 — CAS Google Scholar. Bjerre AB, Olesen AB, Fernqvist T Pretreatment of wheat straw using combined wet oxidation and alkaline hydrolysis resulting in convertible cellulose and hemicellulose.

Biotechnol Bioeng — Bos A, Hamelinck C Greenhouse gas impact of marginal fossil fuel use. Brendon RM Uganda Protectorate. Department of Veterinary Services and Animal Industry. Occasional Bulletin No. Food Bioprod Process. Cadoche L, Lopez GD Assessment of size reduction as a preliminary step in the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic wastes. Biol Waste —