Site Menu Home. Search Health Topics. Search the NIH Guide. NIH Research Matters. April 24, Epstein-Barr virus and autoimmune diseases. At a Glance Researchers found a mechanism that may explain why the Epstein-Barr virus is associated with certain autoimmune illnesses such as lupus.
A better understanding of how the virus infection contributes to autoimmune diseases in some people could lead to therapies that interrupt or reverse the process. It is possible that reinfection or reactivation of the specific virus may activate the T cell antiviral memory and also the anti-myelin activity Ransohoff, It thus indicates that various viral infections may have different impacts on the development of host immune response, and EBV may be a very unique virus.
From an evolution point of view, it is plausible that EBV may serve certain roles to help immune system development in most population. The EBV associated diseases may be rare events resulting from host genetic variations, which let the host immune system be modified by EBV in a bias manner.
The disease statuses may develop upon the stimulation of combinatory environmental factors such as other infectious agents, which may activate EBV replication at the same time. In other words, these EBV associated diseases may be due to the differential immune modulation ability of EBV in people with different genetic background, rather than a direct pathogenic effect of EBV gene products.
Taken together, multi-factorial study designs including genetic factors, individual variations of subsets of regulatory immune cells, and environmental factors such as different infections are required for understanding the pathogenic mechanism of EBV associated diseases in the future. The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The author would like to thank the Editor and reviewers for their critical reading and suggestions. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Search database Search term. Front Microbiol. Published online Jan Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Reviewed by: Dale L. This article was submitted to Frontiers in Virology, a specialty of Frontiers in Microbiology. Received Sep 29; Accepted Jan This is an open-access article subject to an exclusive license agreement between the authors and Frontiers Media SA, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Host immune system is designed or evolved to fight against different pathogens. Keywords: Epstein—Barr virus, immune system, autoimmune disease. EBV and its Associated Malignant Diseases The above mentioned information indicates that after primary infection, a subset of EBV positive B cells survive and emerge into the memory compartment.
Conflict of Interest Statement The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Acknowledgments The author would like to thank the Editor and reviewers for their critical reading and suggestions.
References Ascherio A. Environmental risk factors for multiple sclerosis. Part I: the role of infection. Blood , — NKT cells in tumor immunity: opposing subsets define a new immunoregulatory axis. Epstein—Barr virus and Burkitt lymphoma. Immunity 9 , — Epstein—Barr virus infection of human brain microvessel endothelial cells: a novel role in multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis. Lancet , — Latent membrane protein 1 of Epstein—Barr virus mimics a constitutively active receptor molecule.
EBV spreads most commonly through bodily fluids, especially saliva. However, EBV can also spread through blood and semen during sexual contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplantations. EBV can be spread by using objects, such as a toothbrush or drinking glass, that an infected person recently used. The virus probably survives on an object at least as long as the object remains moist. The first time you get infected with EBV primary EBV infection you can spread the virus for weeks and even before you have symptoms.
Once the virus is in your body, it stays there in a latent inactive state. If the virus reactivates, you can potentially spread EBV to others no matter how much time has passed since the initial infection. Diagnosing EBV infection can be challenging because the symptoms are similar to other illnesses. EBV infection can be confirmed with a blood test that detects antibodies. About nine out of ten of adults have antibodies that show that they have a current or past EBV infection.
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